Wetenschappelijk bewijs

De bewijskracht van wetenschappelijk onderzoek
De kwaliteit van wetenschappelijk onderzoek, oftewel het wetenschappelijk bewijs dat door een bepaald onderzoek wordt geleverd, is met name afhankelijk van de gekozen onderzoeksmethode. Het niveau van bewijskracht (level of evidence), kan simpel en overzichtelijk worden weergegeven in de zogenaamde evidentiepiramide, waarbij de bewijskracht van de onderzoeksmethoden van boven naar beneden afneemt.

Zo staan systematische reviews (meta-analyses) en gerandomiseerd vergelijkend onderzoek (RCT’s) van goede kwaliteit bovenaan de evidentiepiramide. De middenmoot wordt gevormd door gerandomiseerd vergelijkend onderzoek van matige kwaliteit, de laag hieronder door niet-vergelijkend onderzoek, en onderaan de evidentiepiramide staan de meningen van deskundigen.

Over het algemeen komen concurrenten en/of leveranciers van zout waterontharders met uitspraken (lees: meningen) van “deskundigen”.
Bovenstaande laat zien dat deze “meningen” qua bewijsvoering en waardeoordeel slechts onderaan de piramide staan……….

Voor alle sceptici, magneet shamers , en met name de bovengenoemde “deskundigen” (al dan niet ingefluisterd door leveranciers van conventionele zout waterontharders) volgt hier desalniettemin een greep uit de verschenen literatuur en daarmee het wetenschappelijk bewijs over het fenomeen dat al meer dan een eeuw bekend is:

Magneten doen iets met KALKAANSLAG…..en dat is te meten. Auteur: Ir. Arjen Dijkgraaf Uitgave: Poly Technisch tijdschrift maart 1996

Vorzuge der magnetischen Wasserbehandlung Auteur: Dr. Klaus J. Kronenberg Uitgave: Raum & Zeit nr. 33 1988

Het mysterie over de magnetische waterbehandeling opgelost? Auteur: Dr. J. Kronenberg Uitgave: Verwarming & Ventilatie mei 1989

Erfahrungsheilkunde Auteur : N.B. Uitgave: Erfahrungsheilkunde 7/1990

Start wetenschappelijk onderzoek FAK-apparatuur in Nederland Auteur: Ing. E. During Uitgave: KrachtKroniek sept. 1995

Anti-scale Magnetic Treatment Auteurs: J.S. Baker / S.A. Parsons Uitgave: Water and Waste Treatment ,39, 36-38 1996

Magnetic treatment – scale effect – pH control Auteurs: S.A. Parsons / B.L. Wang / S.J. Judd / T. Stepherson Uitgave: Wat.Res., 31 339-342 1997

Mitigation of Heater Exchanger Scaling by Magnetic Treatment Devices Auteurs: D.I. Wilson / S.A. Parsons Uitgave: 5th UK National Heat Transfer Conference 1997

The Effect of Magnetic Fields on the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate Auteurs: R. A-Barrett / S.A. Parsons / P. Hillis / P.P. Coetzee Uitgave: WISA ’98, Cape Town mei 1998

125 jaar fysische waterbehandeling Auteur: Dr. Dietman Ende, M. Anders Uitgave: InTech feb 1999

Werking van FAK-apparatuur Auteur: Dr. G. IJpelaar Uitgave: H2O 4/1999 Alleman, J. 1985.

Quantitative Assessment of the Effectiveness of Permanent Magnet Water Conditioning Devices. Purdue University. Sponsored by and protocol by Water Quality Association.

Van Hall Larenstein Part of University of Wageningen / 2007 Conclusie: Door toepassing van het systeem slaat de kalk gedeeltelijk in kleine deeltjes neer en wordt vervolgens door het stromende water afgevoerd. In stilstaand water vormt de kalk vrijwel geen harde ketelsteen meer, maar een aanzienlijk zachter residu dat gemakkelijk met een poetslap of borstel kan worden verwijderd. In feite fungeert dit apparaat als een kalkconditionering bij de toevoer van de waterleiding. De mineralen die voor de kalkaanslag zorgen zoals calciumcarbonaat, calcium sulfaat, magnesiumhydroxide, calciumfosfaat en silicaten worden door deze magnetische behandeling niet verwijderd maar in zwevende oplossing gehouden. Dat wil zeggen ze slaan niet hardkristallijn neer. In feite treedt er een wijziging van de kristalstructuur op. Samengevat: in de metingen is gebleken dat in het watersysteem dat met deze installatie is behandeld andere kristallen ontstaan dan in de niet behandelde installatie.
Als gedurende de 4 maanden van metingen wel kalkneerslag ontstond in beide installaties was dit bij dit systeem eenvoudiger te verwijderen dan in de niet behandelde installatie.

Nog een greep uit de zeer vele publicaties:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229036580_The_effectiveness_of_a_magnetic_physical_water_treatment_device_on_scaling_in_domestic_hot-water_storage_tanks

American Petroleum Institute. 1985. Evaluation of the Principles of Magnetic Water Treatment, Publication 960.

Alimi, F et all, Influence of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitation, Desalination 206 (2007) 164‐168

Bruns, S. A., V. I. Klassen, and A. K. Konshina. 1966. Change in the extinction of light by water after treatment in a magnetic field. Kolloidn. Zh. 28: 153-155.

Botello‐Zubiate, M.E. et all, Influence of magnetic water treatment on the calcium carbonate formation and the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel., J.All.Comp 369, (2004) 265‐269

Busch, K. W., M. A. Busch, D. H. Parker, R. E. Darling, and J. L. McAtee, Jr. 1986. “Studies of a Water Treatment Device That Uses Magnetic Fields,” In Proceedings Corrosion/85, Boston MA.

Lundager Madsen, H.E., Influence of magnetic field on the precipitation of some inorganic salts. J.Chr.Growth, 152, (1995) 94‐100

M e.a. On reduction in the surface tension of water duet o magnetic treatment, Coll.Surf.A 278 (2005) 252‐255

Kney,AD and S.A. Parsons, A spectrofotometer‐based study of magnetic water treatment: Assessment of ionic vs. surface mechanisms., Wat.Res., 40 (2006) 517‐524

Fathi,a. et all, Effect of a magnetic treatment on homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation of calcium carbonate, Wat.Res., 40 (2006) 1941‐1950

Alimi, F et all, Influence of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitation, Desalination 206 (2007) 164‐168

Busch, K. W., M. A. Busch, R. E. Darling, S. Maggard, and S. W. Kubala. 1997. Design of a test loop for the evaluation of magnetic water treatment devices. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers 75 (Part B): 105-114.

Chechel, P. S., and G. V. Annenkova. 1972. Influence of magnetic treatment on solubility of calcium sulphate. Coke Chem. USSR. 8: 60-61.

Daly, J. 1995. Miracle cure. Motor Boating and Sailing. October, p. 36.

Dirks, J.A., and L.E. Wrench. 1993. “Facility Energy Decision Screening (FEDS) Software System.” PNL-SA-22780. In Proceedings of the Energy and Environmental Congress. Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 4-5, 1993.

Donaldson, J. D. 1988. Magnetic treatment of fluids — preventing scale. Finishing. 12: 22-32.

Duffy, E. A. 1977. Investigation of Magnetic Water Treatment Devices. Ph.D. dissertation, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C.

Fathi,a. et all, Effect of a magnetic treatment on homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation of calcium carbonate, Wat.Res., 40 (2006) 1941‐1950

Fryer, L. 1995. “Magnetic Water Treatment A Coming Attraction?” E-Source, TU-95-7
Gruber and Carda. 1981. Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Type Water Treatment Devices. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Sponsored by and protocol by Water Quality Association.

Gehr, R., Z. A. Zhai, J. A. Finch, and S. R. Rao. 1995. Reduction of soluble mineral concentrations in CaSO4 saturated water using a magnetic field. Wat. Res. 29 (3): 933-940.

Gabrielle, C et all, Magnetic water treatment for scale prevention, Wat.Res., 35, (2001) 3240‐3259

Harrison, J. 1993. WQA Glossary of Terms. Water Quality Association. Lisle, Ill.

Hasson, D., and D. Bramson. 1985. Effectiveness of magnetic water treatment in suppressing CaCO3 scale deposition. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 24: 588-592.

Hibben, S.G. 1973. Magnetic Treatment of Water. Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense.

Higashitani, K., and J. Oshitani. 1997. Measurements of magnetic effects on electrolyte solutions by atomic force microscope. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers 75 (Part B): 115-119.

Joshi, K. M., and P. V. Kamat. 1966. Effect of magnetic field on the physical properties of water. J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 43: 620-622.

Klassen, V. I. 1981. Magnetic treatment of water in mineral processing. In Developments in Mineral Processing, Part B, Mineral Processing. Elsevier, N.Y., pp. 1077-1097.

Kney,AD and S.A. Parsons, A spectrofotometer‐based study of magnetic water treatment: Assessment of ionic vs. surface mechanisms., Wat.Res., 40 (2006) 517‐524

Kronenberg, K. J. 1985. Experimental evidence for effects of magnetic fields on moving water. IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. Mag-21, no. 5: 2059-2061.

Krylov, O. T., I. K. Vikulova, V. V. Eletskii, N. A. Rozno, and V. I. Klassen. 1985. Influence of magnetic treatment on the electro-kinetic potential of a suspension of CaCO3. Colloid J. USSR 47: 820-824.

Liburkin, V. G., B. S. Kondratev, and T. S. Pavlyukova. 1986. Action of magnetic treatment of water on the structure formation of gypsum. Glass and Ceramics (English translation of Steklo I Keramika) 1: 101-105.

Lin, I., and Y. Yotvat. 1989. Electro-magnetic treatment of drinking and irrigation water. Water and Irrigation Rev. 8:16-18.

Lipus, L., J. Krope, and L. Garbai. 1994. Magnetic water treatment for scale prevention. Hungarian J. Ind. Chem. 22: 239-242.

Lundager Madsen, H.E., Influence of magnetic field on the precipitation of some inorganic salts. J.Chr.Growth, 152, (1995) 94‐100

Marshall, S. V,. and G. G. Skitek 1987. Electromagnetic Concepts and Applications. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Marth, R.A. 1997. A Scientific Definition of the Magnetic Treatment of Water: Its Subsequent Use in Preventing Scale Formation and Removing Scale. Research Conducted for Descal-A-Matic Corporation.

Martynova, O. I., E. F. Tebenekhin, and B. T. Gusev. 1967. Conditions and mechanism of deposition of the solid calcium carbonate phase from aqeuous [sic] solutions under the influence of a magnetic field. Colloid J. USSR 29: 512-514.

M e.a. On reduction in the surface tension of water duet o magnetic treatment, Coll.Surf.A 278 (2005) 252‐255

Mirumyants, S. O., E. A. Vandyukov, and R. S. Tukhvatullin. 1972. The effect of a constant magnetic field on the infrared absorption spectrum of liquid water. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 46: 124.

Parsons, S. A., S. J. Judd, T. Stephenson, S. Udol, and B.-L. Wang. 1997. Magnetically augmented water treatment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers 75 (Part B): 98-104.

Parsons, S.A., Bao-Lung Wang, S.J. Judd, and T. Stephenson. 1997. “Magnetic Treatment of Calcium Carbonate Scale — Effect of pH Control.” Water Research, 31(2): 339-342.

Quinn, C.J., T.C. Molden, and C.W. Sanderson. 1996. “Nonchemical Approach to Hard Water Scale, Corrosion and White Rust Control.” In Proceedings Iron and Steel Engineer, Chicago IL, September 30, 1996.

Raisen, E. 1984. The control of scale and corrosion in water systems using magnetic fields. Corrosion 84. Conference proceedings, Nat. Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, paper no. 117.

Reimers, R.S., P. S. DeKernion, and D. B. Leftwich. 1979. “Sonics and Electrostatics – An Innovative Approach to Water and Waste Treatment.” In Proceedings Water Reuse Symposium, Volume 2. American Water Works.Research Association Research Evaluation, Denver, CO.

Rubin, A.J. 1973. To Determine if Magnetic Water Treatment is Effective in Preventing Scale. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Singley, J. E. 1984. Municipal water treatment. In Kirk-Othmer Encyl. of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. Edited by Martin Grayson. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Vol. 24, pp. 385-406.

Schmutzer, M. A., and G. W. Hull. 1969. Examination to Determine the Physical or Chemical Differences Between Untreated and Magnetically Treated Water. United States Testing Center, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.

Simpson. L. G. 1980. “Control Scale and Save Energy.” The Coast Guard Engineer’s Digest, Volume 20, Number 205, pp. 32-35.

Spear, M. 1992. The growing attraction of magnetic treatment. Process Engineering. May, p. 143.

Welder, B. Q., and E. P. Partridge. 1954. Practical performance of water-conditioning gadgets. Ind. Eng. Chem. 46: 954-960.

Wilkes, J. F., and R. Baum. 1979. Water conditioning devices — an update. Int. Water Conf.: 40th Annual Meeting, paper no. IWC-79-20.

Yarows, S. A., W. E. Fusilier, and A. B. Weder. 1997. Sodium concentration of water from softeners. Arch. Intern. Med. 157: 218-222.

Lundager Madsen, H.E., Influence of magnetic field on the precipitation of some inorganic salts. J.Chr.Growth, 152, (1995) 94‐100

Alimi, F et all, Influence of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitation, Desalination 206 (2007) 164‐168

Fathi,a. et all, Effect of a magnetic treatment on homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation of calcium carbonate, Wat.Res., 40 (2006) 1941‐1950

Gabrielle, C et all, Magnetic water treatment for scale prevention, Wat.Res., 35, (2001)3240‐3259

Kney,AD and S.A. Parsons, A spectrofotometer‐based study of magnetic water treatment: Assessment of ionic vs. surface mechanisms., Wat.Res., 40 (2006) 517‐524

Armiri.M e.a. On reduction in the surface tension of water duet o magnetic treatment, Coll.Surf.A 278 (2005) 252‐255

Kobe, S e.a. The influence of the magnetic field on the crystalllisation form of calcium carbonate and the testing of a magnetic water treatment system., J.M.M.Mat. 236, (2001), 71‐76

Rebecca A Barrett, Simon A Parsons The influence of magnetic fields on calcium carbonate precipitationOriginal Research ArticleWater Research, Volume 32, Issue 3, 1 March 1998, Pages 609-612

Wirtschaftsjournal für Sanitär und Heizung Nr. 11 (1995) Seite 54. Elektrostatische Wasserbehandlung. “Das ,Wie’ scheint geklärt, das ,Warum’ noch nicht”.

K. Olbrich und R. Wögerbauer: Haustechnische Rundschau 4/93 ” Und sie funktioniert doch”. (Mit Literaturangaben).

R. Wögerbauer: Sanitär-Heizung- und Klimatechnik, sbz (1993) “. “Elektrostatische Wasserbehandlung “Wirksam gegen Kalk und Rost” www.ikz.de/art_2495/9524048.htm

Veel meer uitgebreid is de Engelse literatuur over het effect van magnetische velden op kalkaanslag in water: “Influence of magnetic field on the aragonite precipitation”

L.C. Lipusa, , and D. Dobersekba Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia

Bruns, S. A., V. I. Klassen, and A. K. Konshina. 1966. Change in the extinction of light by water after treatment in a magnetic field. Kolloidn. Zh. 28: 153-155.

Busch, K. W., M. A. Busch, D. H. Parker, R. E. Darling, and J. L. McAtee, Jr. 1986. Studies of a water treatment device that uses magnetic fields. Corrosion 42 (4): 211-221.

Busch, K. W., M. A. Busch, R. E. Darling, S. Maggard, and S. W. Kubala. 1997. Design of a test loop for the evaluation of magnetic water treatment devices. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers 75 (Part B): 105-114.

Chechel, P. S., and G. V. Annenkova. 1972. Influence of magnetic treatment on solubility of calcium sulphate. Coke Chem. USSR. 8: 60-61.

Daly, J. 1995. Miracle cure. Motor Boating and Sailing. October, p. 36.

Denver, E., executive ed. 1996. Magnets that don’t do much to soften water. Consumer Reports. February, p. 8.

Donaldson, J. D. 1988. Magnetic treatment of fluids — preventing scale.” Finishing. 12: 22-32.

Duffy, E. A. 1977. Investigation of Magnetic Water Treatment Devices. Ph.D. dissertation, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C.

Gehr, R., Z. A. Zhai, J. A. Finch, and S. R. Rao. 1995. Reduction of soluble mineral concentrations in CaSO4 saturated water using a magnetic field. Wat. Res. 29 (3): 933-940.

Harrison, J. 1993. WQA Glossary of Terms. Water Quality Association. Lisle, Ill.

Hasson, D., and D. Bramson. 1985. Effectiveness of magnetic water treatment in suppressing CaCO3 scale deposition. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 24: 588-592.

Higashitani, K., and J. Oshitani. 1997. Measurements of magnetic effects on electrolyte solutions by atomic force microscope. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers 75 (Part B): 115-119.

Joshi, K. M., and P. V. Kamat. 1966. Effect of magnetic field on the physical properties of water. J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 43: 620-622.

Klassen, V. I. 1981. Magnetic treatment of water in mineral processing. In Developments in Mineral Processing, Part B, Mineral Processing. Elsevier, N.Y., pp. 1077-1097.

Kronenberg, K. J. 1985. Experimental evidence for effects of magnetic fields on moving water. IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. Mag-21, no. 5: 2059-2061.

Krylov, O. T., I. K. Vikulova, V. V. Eletskii, N. A. Rozno, and V. I. Klassen. 1985. Influence of magnetic treatment on the electro-kinetic potential of a suspension of CaCO3. Colloid J. USSR 47: 820-824.

Liburkin, V. G., B. S. Kondratev, and T. S. Pavlyukova. 1986. Action of magnetic treatment of water on the structure formation of gypsum. Glass and Ceramics (English translation of Steklo I Keramika) 1: 101-105.

Lin, I., and Y. Yotvat. 1989. Electro-magnetic treatment of drinking and irrigation water. Water and Irrigation Rev. 8:16-18.

Lipus, L., J. Krope, and L. Garbai. 1994. Magnetic water treatment for scale prevention. Hungarian J. Ind. Chem. 22: 239-242.

Marshall, S. V,. and G. G. Skitek 1987. Electromagnetic Concepts and Applications. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Martynova, O. I., E. F. Tebenekhin, and B. T. Gusev. 1967. Conditions and mechanism of deposition of the solid calcium carbonate phase from aqeuous [sic] solutions under the influence of a magnetic field. Colloid J. USSR 29: 512-514.

McNeely, M. 1994. Magnetic fuel treatment system designed to attack fuel-borne microbes. Diesel Progress Engines and Drives. November, p. 16.

Mirumyants, S. O., E. A. Vandyukov, and R. S. Tukhvatullin. 1972. The effect of a constant magnetic field on the infrared absorption spectrum of liquid water. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 46: 124.

Parsons, S. A., S. J. Judd, T. Stephenson, S. Udol, and B.-L. Wang. 1997. Magnetically augmented water treatment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers 75 (Part B): 98-104.

Raisen, E. 1984. The control of scale and corrosion in water systems using magnetic fields. Corrosion 84. Conference proceedings, Nat. Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, paper no. 117.

Singley, J. E. 1984. Municipal water treatment. In Kirk-Othmer Encyl. of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. Edited by Martin Grayson. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Vol. 24, pp. 385-406.

Skripka, N. I., A. A. Litvinov, and I. G. Tretyakov. 1975. Influence of operational factors on oxidizability of liquid hydrocarbons. Operational Properties of Fuels, Lubricants and Technical Liquids Used in Civil Aviation [Kiev] 1: 11-14. [In Russian.]

Spear, M. 1992. The growing attraction of magnetic treatment. Process Engineering. May, p. 143.

Tretyakov, I. G., M. A., Rybak, and E. Yu. Stepanenko. 1985. Method of monitoring the effectiveness of magnetic treatment for liquid hydrocarbons. Sov. Surf. Eng. Appl. Electrochem. 6: 80-83.

Tretyakov, I. G., E. S. Denisov, and A. N. Solovev. 1975. Effects of magnetic field treatment on electrophysical properties of aviation fuels. Operational Properties of Fuels, Lubricants and Technical Liquids Used in Civil Aviation [Kiev] 1: 41-42. [In Russian.]

Welder, B. Q., and E. P. Partridge. 1954. Practical performance of water-conditioning gadgets. Ind. Eng. Chem. 46: 954-960.

Wilkes, J. F., and R. Baum. 1979. Water conditioning devices — an update. Int. Water Conf.: 40th Annual Meeting, paper no. IWC-79-20.

Wang.Y e al: Magnetic water treatment for scale prevention. Was. Res, 3249 – 3259 – 2001

WQA Magnetics Task Force Report. The Water Quality Association, März 2001

Andere onderzoekers die het effect van magnetische velden op water hebben bestudeerd:

A.F. Porter, U.S. Patent No. 50,774, October 31, 1865.

J.C.Cowanand D.J. Weintritt, Water-Formed Scale Deposits, Gulf, Houston, 1976.

A.T.Hay, U.S. Patent No. 140,196, June 24, 1873.

C.E. Gruber and D.D. Carda, Performance analysis of permanent magnet type water treatment devices,

Final Report issued to the Water Quality Association, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1981.

K.W. Busch, M.A. Busch, J.L. McAtee, Jr., R.E. Darling, and D.H. Parker, Evaluation of the Principles of Magnetic Water Treatment, American

Petroleum Institute Publication 960, Washington,DC, 1985.

V.G. Levich, Soviet Physics, USPEKHI, 9 (1966) 316.

R. Eliassen, R.T. Skrinde, and W.B. Davis, J. Am.

Water Works Assoc., 50 (1958) 1371.

J.E. Alleman, Quantitative Assessment of the Effectiveness of Permanent Magnetic Water

Conditioning Devices, Final Report issued to the Water Quality Association, Purdue University, 1985.

G.J.C. Limpert and J.L. Raber, Tests of NonChemical ScaleControl Devices in a Once-Through

System,”CORROSION/85,National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Boston, Massachusetts, Paper

No. 250, 1985.

D. Hasson and D. Bramson, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 24 (1985) 588. O. S6hnel and J. Mullin, Chem. Ind. (London), (1988) 356.

J.F. Grutsch and J.W. McClintock, Controlling Scale by Magnetic Treatment, Report submitted to the American Petroleum Institute, Committee on

Refinery Environmental Conservation, American

Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1982.

K. W. Busch, M.A. Busch~Desalination 109 (1997) 131-148 147

J.F.Grutsch and J.W. McClintock, Deposit Control in Alkaline Cooling Water Using Magnetic Water

Treatment at Amoco’s Largest Refinery, CORROSION/84, National Association of Corro-sion Engineers, Houston, TX, Paper 330, 1984.

R.J. Szostak and D.A. Toy, Chem. Processing, (1985) 44.

J. Laureys, J. Van Muylder, and M. Pourbaix, Corr. Technol., 2(1) (1955) 1. J. Laureys, J. Van Muylder, and M. Pourbaix, Note sur l’efficacit6 d’un appareil de traitement magnetique des eaus, Technical Report 24, Centre

Beige d’Etude de la Corrosion (CEBELCOR), 1955. J. Laureys and M. Pourbaix,

Etude de procedes physiques antiincrustants, Technical Report 56, Centre Belge d’Etude de la Corrosion (CEBELCOR), 1957.

K.W. Busch and M.A. Busch, Laboratory Studies on Magnetic Water Treatment and Their

Relationship to a Possible Mechanism for Scale Reduction, Cranfield University, England, March 14, 1996.

K.W. Busch, M.A. Busch, R.E. Darling, J.L. McAtee, Jr. and D.H. Parker, Magnetic WaterTreatment Devices: The Results of a University

Study, Proc. of the 45th Annual Meeting of the International Water Conference, Paper No. IWC-84- 10, Pittsburgh, PA, 1984. K.W. Busch, M.A. Busch, R.E. Darling, J.L. McAtee, Jr. and D.H. Parker, Laboratory Studies

Involving Magnetic Water Treatment Devices, CORROSION/85, National Association of Corro-sion Engineers, Boston, MA, Paper No. 251, 1985.

K.W. Busch, M.A. Busch, R.E. Darling, D.H. Parker and J.L. McAtee, Jr., Corrosion, 42 (1986) D.H. Parker, An Investigation of the Role of

Magnetic Water Treatment Devices in Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation, M.S. Thesis, BaylorUniversity, 1985.

J.A. Shercliff, A Textbook of Magnetohydrody-namics, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965.

J.A. Shercliff, Flow-Measurement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1962. N.C. Little, Magnetohydrodynamics, van Nostrand, Princeton, 1967.

S. Chandrasekhar, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Dover, New York, 1961. H.H. Uhlig, Corrosion and Corrosion Control, John Wiley, New York, 1963.

W.P. O’Brien, Jr., On the Use of Magnetic (and Electric and Ultrasonic) Fields for Controlling the Deposition of Scale in Water Systems: A Review of Several Papers Translated from Russian, Civil Engineering Laboratory of Port Hueneme, California, 1979.

Y.L. Novozhilov and B.S. Batalin, Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zayed Stroit Arkhitekt, 11(1) 1968, 54.

V.A. Zubarev, Kolloidn. Zh., 33 (1970) 445. E.A. Duffy, Investigation of Magnetic Water Treatment Devices, Ph.D. Dissertation, CiemsonUniversity, 1977. R.E. Herzog, Q. Shi, J.N. Patil and J.L. Katz, Langmuir, 5 (1989), 861.

K.W. Busch, M.A. Busch, R.E. Darling, S. Maggard and S.W. Kubala, Trans. IChemE, in press. E. Tomb~icz,C. Ma, K.W. Busch and M.A. Busch,

Colloid Polymer Sci., 269 (1991) 278. [N.H.G. Penners and L.K. Koopal, Coll. Surfaces, 19 1986) 337. M. Ozaki, H. Suzuki, K. Takahashi and E. Matijevi6, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 113 (1986) 76.

U. Kallay and E. Matijevi6, Colloids and Surfaces,

J.J.Miles, R.W. Chantrell and M.R. Parker, J. App. Phys., 57 (1985) 4271.

E.J.W. Vervey and J.T.G. Overbeek, Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1948.

J. Svoboda and J. Ofka, J. Colloid Interfac. Sci., 94 (1983) C. Ma, Investigation of the Effect of a Weak Magnetic Field on Hematite Sols, M.S. Thesis, Baylor University, 1992.

M.A. Busch, K.W. Busch, C. Ma, G. Sethuraman, and E. Tomb~icz, Influence of a Weak Magnetic Field on the Colloidal State of Several Materials in

Stationary and Flowing Systems, National Meeting of the American Chemical Society and Fourth

Chemical Congress of North America, New York City, Paper No. 160, 1991. G.D. Phillies, Anal. Chem, 62 (1990) 1049A.

S. Gopalakrishnan, An Investigation of Applied Fields on Colloidal Dispersions, Ph.D. Dissertation, Baylor University, 1993.

K.W. Busch, S. Gopalakrishnan, M.A. Busch and E. Tomb~cz,J. Colloid Interface Sci., 183 (1996) 528.

H. van Olphen, Clay Colloid Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1963.

James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, Water Treatment–Principles and Design, Wiley, New York, 1985.

A. Amirtharajah, M.M. Clark and R.R. Trussell, eds., Mixing in Coagulation and Flocculation,

Amer. Water Works Assoc. Research Foundation, Denver, 1991.

148 K. W. Busch, M.A. Busch~Desalination 109 (1997) 131-148

H.R. Kruyt, Colloid Science, Vol. 1, Elsevier, New York, 1952.

D.N. Sutherland,J. Colloid Interface Sci., 25 (1967)

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Andere wetenschappelijke artikelen over de fysieke en impact van magnetische velden op kalkmoleculen:

Further water magnetization references from http://members.aol.com/JBainSI/References.htm

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Effect of high magnetic fields on the reverse electron transfer process in an a-cyclodextrin inclusion complex of phenothiazine-viologen chain-linked compound
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Hydrostatics and oscillatory flows of magnetic fluid under a nonuniform magnetic field.
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Inference of geometrical analogy between magnetic domain alignment in fabricated ferromagnets and fluid flow.
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Influence of magnetic fields on calcium carbonate precipitation
A-Barrett R and Parsons S A, (1998). Water. Res.,32, 609-612 .

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Magnetic microparticles in water treatment.
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Magnetic properties of laboratory synthesized magnetic fluid and their temperature dependence.
Mehta, R. V.; Upadhyay, R. V.; Dasannacharya, B. A.; Goyal, P. S.; Rao, K. S. 1994 – Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials [ISSN 0304-8853], v132 n1-3 p153.

Magnetic treatment of calcium carbonate scale — effect of pH control.
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Magnetic Treatment of Water
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Magnetic Water Treatment A Coming Attraction?
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Magnetically augmented water treatment
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Magnetically-enhanced chemical disinfection.
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Magnetically treated water can be distinguished from untreated water using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
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Magneto-dielectric behaviour of concentrated magnetic fluid.
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Magnetodynamic Stability of a Fluid Cylinder under the Lundquist Force-Free Magnetic Field.
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Management of scale deposits by diamagnetism. Scale formation by calcium carbonate.
Martin, D.F.; Huang, H.; Martin, B.B.; Benson, R.F. 1995 – Journal of Environmental Science and Health [ISSN 0360-1266], vA30 n10 p2243-2253.

Mitigation of Heat Exchanger Scaling by Magnetic Treatment Devices.
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“Negative Viscosity” Effect in a Magnetic Fluid.
Bacri, J-C; Perzynski, R; Shliomis, M I; Burde, G I. 1995 – Physical Review Letters [ISSN 0031-9007], v75 n11 p21-28.

“Negative Viscosity” in a Magnetic Fluid.
Rosensweig, Ronald E. 1996 – Science [ISSN 0036-8075], v271 p614-15.

Nonchemical Approach to Hard Water Scale, Corrosion and White Rust Control.
Quinn, C.J., T.C. Molden, and C.W. Sanderson. 1996. “” In Proceedings Iron and Steel Engineer , Chicago IL, September 30, 1996.

Numerical simulation of free convection in magnetic fluid at magnetodiffusion.
Chukhrov, A. Y. 1992 – Transport Process in Engineering [ISBN 0444893946], v2 p965-974.

On general transformations and variational principles for the magnetohydrodynamics of ideal fluids.
Vladimirov, V.A.; Moffatt, H.K. 1995 – Journal of Fluid Mechanics [ISSN 0022-1120], v283 p125-139.

On the determination of the magnetisation decay of a magnetic fluid whose complex-susceptibility data fits a Cole-Davidson plot.
Fannin, P. C.; Charles, S. W. 1995 – Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials [ISSN 0304-8853], v149 n1/2 p79-83.

On the hydrodynamic theory of a magnetic liquid.
Mryglod, I M; Folk, R. 1996 – Physica A [ISSN 0378-4371], v234 n1-2 p129.

On the low-Reynolds number magnetic fluid flow in a helical pipe.
Verma, P. D. S.; Ram, Paras. 1993 – International Journal of Engineering Science [ISSN 0020-7225], v31 n2 p229.

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Wagh, D K; Avashia, A. 1996 – Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials [ISSN 0304-8853], v153 n3 p359.

Particle size distribution of a laboratory-synthesized magnetic fluid.
Upadhyay, R. V.; Sutariya, G. M.; Mehta, R. V. 1993 – Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials [ISSN 0304-8853], v123 n3 p262.

Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Type Water Treatment Devices
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Polarised neutron scattering from the surface and bulk of magnetic fluid.
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Polyampholytes for water treatment with magnetic particles.
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Properties of diamagnetic fluid in high gradient magnetic fields.
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Quantitative Assessment of the Effectiveness of Permanent Magnet Water
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Rate of Change of Vorticity Covariance in Dusty Fluid Turbulence in the Presence of Magnetic Field.
Dixit, T. 1990 – Astrophysics and Space Science [ISSN 0004-640X], v165 n1 p169.

Recent Developments of Technology in Magnetic Fluid Experiments.
Kamiyama, Shinichi; Okubo, Masaaki; Fujisawa, Fumio. 1992 – Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science [ISSN 0894-1777], v5 n5 p641-651.

Reduction of soluble mineral concentrations in CaSO4 saturated water using a magnetic field.
Gehr, R.; Zhai, Z.A.; Finch, J.A.; and Rao, S.R. 1995 – Water Resources [ISSN 0043-1354], v29 n3 p933-940.

Relationship between water qualities and treatments in the ultra pure water production system.
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Removal of phosphate from waters by precipitation and high gradient magnetic separation.
Shaikh, A.M.H.; Dixit, S.G. 1992 – Water Resources [ISSN 0043-1354], v26 n6 p845-852.

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Role of zinc in magnetic and other physical water treatment methods for the prevention of scale.
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Scientific Definition of the Magnetic Treatment of Water: Its Subsequent Use in Preventing Scale Formation and Removing Scale.
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Sewage treatment process using highly condensed activated sludge with an apparatus for magnetic separation.
Sakai, Y.; Terakado, T.; Takahashi, F. 1994 – Journal of Ferment. Bioengineering [ISSN 0922-338X], v78 n1 p120-122.

Simultaneous removal of organic and nitrogen compounds in intermittently aerated activated sludge process using magnetic separation.
Sakai, Y.; Miama, T.; and Takahashi, F. 1997 – Water Research [ISSN 0043-1354], v31 n8 p2113-2116.

Some effects of a magnetic field on the flow of a Newtonian fluid through a circular tube.
Mazumdar, H P; Ganguly Habishyasi, U N; Venkatesan, S K. 1996 – Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics [ISSN 0019-5588], v27 n5 p519.

Stability of stratified fluid in the presence of suspended particles and variable magnetic field.
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Steady flow past a circular cylinder coated with magnetic fluid: flow structure, drag reduction and coating deformation.
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Steady-state Current Density Represented by a Velocity Vector Potential in an Inhomogeneous Electron Fluid in a Magnetic Field.
Freeman, Gordon R.; March, Norman H. 1994 – Physics and Chemistry of Liquids [ISSN 0031-9104], v26 n4 p281.

Streamlining of an Infinite Cylinder by a Viscous Conducting Fluid in a Longitudinal Magnetic Field for Various Values of Magnetic Permeability.
Murzenko, V. V. 1992 – Magnetohydrodynamics [ISSN 0024-998X], v28 n1 p11-17.

Studies of a Water Treatment Device That Uses Magnetic Fields
Busch, K. W., M. A. Busch, D. H. Parker, R. E. Darling, and J. L. McAtee, Jr. 1986. “,” In Proceedings Corrosion /85, Boston MA.

Thermodynamic Relations for a Magnetic Fluid.
Yamaguchi, H.; Kobori, I. 1993 – Magnetohydrodynamics [ISSN 0024-998X], v29 n1 p50-56.

To Determine if Magnetic Water Treatment is Effective in Preventing Scale
Rubin, A.J. 1973. . The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Total Free Energy of a Magnetized Body within a Magnetic Fluid in the Presence of a Field.
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Trends in water filtration technology.
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Trends of magnetic fluid applications in Japan.
Nakatsuka, K. 1993 – Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials [ISSN 0304-8853], v122 n1-3 p387.

Turbulence modification in pipe flows of a conductive fluid using parallel magnetic fields.
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Uniform Dispersion of Fine Particles in a Magnetic Fluid and its Evaluation. I
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Uniform Dispersion of Fine Particles in a Magnetic Fluid and its Evaluation. II
Horizoe, Masanori; Itoh, Ryuzo; Gotoh, Keishi. 1994 – Funtai Kogaku Kaishi [ISSN 0386-6157], v31 n3 p151.

Unsteady flow of a viscous fluid between two parallel disks with a time varying gap width and a magnetic field.
Kumari, M; Takhar, H S; Nath, G. 1995 – International Journal of Engineering Science [ISSN 0020-7225], v3 n6 p781.

Use of magnetic fields for water softening [Original Title: Wasserenthaertung im Magnetield].
Lohmeyer, S. 1992 – Galvanotechnik [ISSN 0016-4232], v83 n9 p3083-3094.

Using magnetic fields to prevent scale.
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Utilization of magnetic fluids for water treatment from petroleum products.
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Happiness is a Magnet
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A stroke for swimmersCoghlan, Andy. New .Scientist, April 25, 1998, p. 21

Magnetised water is no mystery.
Lake, Rhody. Alive, #148, January l995, pp. 12-14

Magnetic water treatment: Attempts of objective explanation
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Magnetic treatment of water: Possible mechanisms and conditions for applications.
Kochmarsky, V. Magnetic and Electrical Separation, Vol. 7, 1996, pp. 77-107

Experimental Evidence for Effects of Magnetic Fields on Moving Water, 1984 Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Dr. Klaus J. Kronenberg, Conference Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. Mag-21, No. 5, September 1985, pages 2059-2061

Magnetic water treatment demystified. (paper courtesy of Teldon of Canada Ltd.) Kronenberg, Klaus J.

Magnetised: What makes treating water with magnets so alluring Aqua Magazine, August 1993, pp. 20-24 Kronenberg, Klaus J.

Magnetised II: More alluring facts about treating water with magnets. Aqua Magazine, September 1993, 20-23 Kronenberg, Klaus J.

The analysis of water using intrinsic data fields. A paper presented to the Institute for Advanced Water Sciences Research, October 1997 Narvaez, Thomas.

The ultrasonic detection of structural changes in water after endogenous bioelectromagnetic field treatment. Second Annual Advanced Water Sciences Symposium, Dallas, Texas. October 4-6, 1996(paper courtesy of Hippocampus Institute, Budapest, Hungary) Yakovkin, V, et al.

Towards a biophysics of homeopathy. (paper courtesy of Hippocampus Institute, Budapest, Hungary), Zhalko-Tytarenko, Olga, et al. T

Endogenous electromagnetic field influence on the free energy of hydrogen bond formation in water. 2nd Advanced Water Sciences Symposium, Dallas, Texas, October 4-6, 1996. Proceedings, pp. 23-27 Zhalko-Tytarenko, Olga, et al.
Effect of oral irrigation with a magnetic water treatment device on plaque and calculus.
Watt DL, Rosenfelder C, Sutton CD 1993 J Clin Periodontol May;20(5):314-7

Daarnaast heeft o.a. de universiteit van CRANFIELD (U.K.) veel onderzoek gedaan naar de (positieve) effecten van waterbehandeling middels magneetopstellingen.

Zelfs is er een studie die aangeeft dat het beter is tegen vorming van tandplak: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789135/

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